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fattyacid, nutrition research, culture, public policy, cholesterol levels, big plump women , unsaturated fat, fatty ratty , fat substitute, measures, science, bart's inner child, diets general, music reviews, | (95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.81) in the HPFS, 1.14 ( 0.96, 1.35) in the ATBC, and 1.93 (1.43, 2.61) mac rumors in the NHS. The higher relative risk in the NHS may be mac rumors related to the fact that this investigation took advantage of mac rumors up to four repeated dietary measurements during the follow-up, thereby reducing the error in assessing trans consumption; in analyses using only the baseline dietary measure, the corresponding relative risk was 1.62. In all cohorts, these relative risks were considerably higher than those for saturated fat. For example, in the NHS replacing 5 percent of energy from saturated fat with energy from unsaturated fat was associated with a 42 percent lower risk, whereas replacing 2 percent of energy from trans unsaturated fat with energy from unhydrogenated, unsaturated fats was associated with a 53 percent lower risk. |
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The strongest fatty ratty epidemiological evidence relating dietary factors to risk fatty ratty of CHD is provided by prospective investigations. The relation between trans fatty acids intake and risk of coronary disease has now been reported from three large cohort studies, the Health Professionals Follow-up fatty ratty Study (HPFS),37 the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene study (ATBC)38 and the Nurses Health Study (NHS)39. In these studies, trans fat consumption was assessed using detailed food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) that were validated by comparison with adipose composition40, 41 or several days of diet records.42 In addition, the relation between margarine intake and risk of CHD has been reported from the Framingham cohort.43 The results of each of these investigations support an adverse effect of trans fatty acids. The relative risk of coronary heart disease for a 2% increase in trans fatty acids intake was 1.36 |
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