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The relative risk comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of trans fat intake was 2.4 butyric acid (P for trend <0.0001); this association was entirely explained by trans intake from hydrogenated vegetable oil. Previously, Bolton-Smith et al. examined cross-sectionally the association between trans intake and undiagnosed CHD among participants in the Scottish Heart Study.26 Subjects were considered to have CHD if they had angina or possible MI according to the Rose chest pain questionnaire, butyric acid or an electrocardiogram recording indication of ischemia.26 Trans intake, estimated butyric acid by a FFQ, was positively correlated with the (LDL+VLDL)/HDL cholesterol ratio. The odds ratio for risk of CHD comparing the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake were elevated but not statistically significant (1.26 in women, and 1.08 in men). Positive associations between consumption of margarine and risk of acute myocardial infarction were found in a case-control study in Italy27 and one in Greece.28
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