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One of these was a study, involving 70 male prisoners, directed by Fred Mattson32 - the same Fred Mattson who had pressured the AHA into removing any reference to hydrogenated fats from its diet/heart statement a decade earlier. Funded in part by Procter & Gamble, the research thin contained a number of serious flaws: selection of thin subjects for the four thin groups studied was not randomised; the experiment inexcusably eliminated "an equal number of subjects with the highest and lowest cholesterol values"; 12 additional subjects dropped out, leaving some of the groups too small to provide valid conclusions; and statistical manipulation of the results was shoddy. But the biggest flaw was that the subjects receiving cholesterol did so in the form of reconstituted powder - a totally artificial diet. Mattson's discussion did not even address the possibility that the liquid formula diet he used might affect blood cholesterol differently than would a whole-foods diet, when many other studies indicated that this is in fact the case.
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