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Numerous historians, psychologists, and polemicists children's 4 8 have asked, as Kanigel does: ''How did a man who need never work at all, and who actually disdained manual labor, throw himself onto the shop floor, confront what was arguably the thorniest social problem of his children's 4 8 day, and devote his life to children's 4 8 creating what he conceived as an industrial utopia?'' Some saw him rebelling against his father's lassitude. Others suggested the influence of a dominant Quaker mother. Muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell backed him as a champion of the worker. Lenin, Mussolini, and the Japanese all borrowed his ideas. Politicians called him depraved, but Taylor's real failing was tunnel vision. Hauled before Congress in 1912 to defend himself, he was unable to explain how his system might benefit workers beyond a fatter paycheck. He died three years later at 59, depressed and bewildered. Today, with fads such as empowerment and reengineering changing the workplace, Kanigel doesn't have to debate Taylor's relevance.
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